Ancient Tamilakam Economy And Culture

Ecological Zones and Economic Activities

Sangam texts describe five ecological zones (ain tinai) that shaped livelihood patterns:

• Kurunji (hills): Hunting, honey collection, and tribal life.
• Mullai (pastures): Cattle herding and dairy production.
• Marutam (river plains): Intensive agriculture, especially rice.
• Neital (coastal): Fishing, salt production, and maritime trade.
• Palai (dry zones): Caravan trade and banditry.

This ecological model linked geography to occupational and poetic themes.