South Indian Temple Architecture

Evolutionary Stages

• Pallava Phase (6th–9th century CE):

  • Early rock-cut caves (Mahendravarman I).
  • Structural temples like Shore Temple and Kailasanatha Temple (Narasimhavarman II).
  • Introduction of vimana and mandapa concepts.

• Chola Phase (9th–13th century CE):

  • Monumental stone temples: Brihadeeswara (Thanjavur), Gangaikondacholapuram.
  • Refined axial plans, towering vimanas, and bronze sculpture traditions.
  • Temples became administrative and cultural centers.

• Vijayanagara Phase (14th–17th century CE):

  • Emphasis on massive gopurams dominating temple complexes.
  • Addition of kalyana mandapas, pushkarinis (temple tanks), and pillared halls.
  • Examples: Virupaksha Temple (Hampi), Ekambaranatha Temple (Kanchipuram).

• Nayaka Phase (17th–18th century CE):

  • Further expansion of gopurams and mandapas.
  • Integration of dance halls and corridors for processions.
  • Temples like Meenakshi Amman (Madurai) showcase this style.